With more than 105 amendments being done to the Indian Constitution since its inception in 1950, it can be a hassle to remember each of the amendments and what happened in each of them. The original constitution which was enacted on the 26th of January, 1950 consisted of 395 Articles, 8 Schedules, and 22 Parts. Today it has 470 articles all grouped into 25 parts and 12 schedules with 5 appendices. The last amendment was on 18th August 2021. To tackle the issue of remembering all the changes, this article provides a list of all the changes which were put into action under the 105 amendments.
All the amendments of the Indian Constitution
1st Amendment ( Enforced 18th June 1951 )
The first amendment made various changes to the provisions of Fundamental Rights which are provided in our Constitution.
Amended articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376.
Inserted articles 31A and 31B.
Inserted Schedule 9 which contains a list of central and state laws which cannot be challenged in courts. Currently, 284 such laws are shielded from judicial review.
It restricted the use of freedom of speech and expression.
Clarified that the right to equality does not restrict ‘special consideration’ for the weaker class.
Constitutionally validated the abolition of the Zamindari system.
2nd Amendment ( Enforced 1st May 1953 )
This amendment was a small one as it just amended Article 81(1)(b) which removed the upper limit for a parliamentary constituency. Previously the limit was to ensure that there would be not less than one member for every 750,000 of the population and not more than one member for every 500,000 of the population.
3rd Amendment ( Enforced 22nd February 1955 )
The third amendment amended the 7th Schedule of the Constitution by substituting the 33rd entry of the Concurrent List in the 7th Schedule of the Constitution. The substituted text read:
“Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of,- (a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest, and imported goods of the same kind as such products; (b) foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils; (c) cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; (d) raw cotton whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and (e) raw jute."
4th Amendment ( Enforced 27th April 1955 )
This amendment amended articles 31, 31A, and 305. It also amended the 9th Schedule. The amendment enforced the following changes:
Compensation in the cases of the acquisition was only payable in the case of compulsory acquisition, i,e, where the State acquires the ownership of property taken.
The adequacy of compensation was also made non-judicially.
The amendment broadened the scope of Article 31A and included more statutes in the Ninth Schedule.
It also amended Article 305 and empowered the State to nationalise any trade.
5th Amendment ( Enforced 24th December 1955 )
This amendment amended the 3rd Article of the Constitution. It empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for the State Legislature for laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names of existing States. It also empowered the President to extend the time limit or prohibit any bill if introduced after the time limit.
6th Amendment ( Enforced 11th September 1956 )
It amended articles 269, 286, and the 7th Schedule. It amended the Union and States list in respect of raising taxes. Also amended articles 269 and 286 regarding the same.
7th Amendment ( Enforced 1st November 1956 )
This amendment was an important one as it reorganised the states by reforming their boundaries and organised them along linguistic lines. This amendment also introduced Union Territories along with the abolition of Classes A, B, C, and D states. This amendment remains the single most extensive change in state boundaries since the independence of India in 1947. It made the following amendments:
Amended articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.
Inserted articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A.
Amended part 8.
Amended schedules 1, 2, 4, and 7.
8th Amendment ( Enforced 5th January 1960 )
This amended Article 334 of the Constitution which extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.
9th Amendment ( Enforced 28th December 1960 )
This amendment was enforced due to an agreement with Pakistan for the settlement of disputes by the demarcation of border villages. As a result, amendments were made to Article 1 which brought forth minor adjustments to the territory of India.
10th Amendment ( Enforced 11th August 1961 )
After acquisition from Portugal, amendments were made to Article 240 and the First Schedule to incorporate Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union Territory.
11th Amendment ( Enforced 19th December 1961 )
This amendment was made to articles 66 and 71. It changed the election process of the Vice President from being elected by the members of a joint sitting of both houses of the Parliament to members of an electoral college consisting of the members of the House of Parliament. This amendment also clarified that the appointment of a President or Vice-President cannot be challenged on the ground of any vacancies.
12th Amendment ( Enforced 20th December 1961 )
After acquisition from Portugal, Goa, Daman and Diu were incorporated as Union Territories. Similar to the 10th Amendment, Articles 240 and 1 were amended for the 12th Amendment as well.
13th Amendment ( Enforced 1st December 1963 )
Formation of the State of Nagaland with special protection under a newly inserted Article 371A. Article 170 was also amended.
14th Amendment ( Enforced 28th December 1962 )
Pondicherry was incorporated as a Union Territory along with the creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur, and Goa. Articles 81 and 240 were amended along with Schedules 1 and 4. Article 239A was inserted.
15th Amendment ( Enforced 5th October 1963 )
This amendment Amended articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311, and 316 along with the 7th Schedule. It also inserted article 224A. It made the following changes:
It increased the retirement age of High Court judges from 60 to 62.
Allowed the High Court to issue writs to any person or authority, if the cause of action arises within its territorial boundaries even if it is outside the jurisdiction of its territories.
It provided that retired High Court judges can be appointed as acting judges of the same court.
It provided the compensatory allowance for the transfer of judges from one High Court to another.
It allowed the retired High Court judge to act as the Supreme Court’s ad-hoc judge.
It provided for the age determination procedure of the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court.
16th Amendment ( Enforced 5th October 1963 )
It amended articles 19, 84, and 173 along with the 3rd Schedule. This amendment made it obligatory for every person being employed for any public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic. It also prescribed various obligatory templates regarding the same.
17th Amendment ( Enforced 20th June 1964 )
It amended Article 31A and the 9th Schedule. This amendment secured the constitutional validity of Estates and placed land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution.
18th Amendment ( Enforced 27th August 1966 )
This amendment was a technical one being done to the 3rd Article to include Union Territories into the said article so as to allow the re-organisation of Union Territories.
19th Amendment ( Enforced 11th December 1966 )
This amendment abolished Election Tribunals in India while enabling the trial of election petitions by High Courts. It amended article 324 for the same
20th Amendment ( Enforced 22nd December 1966 )
This amendment inserted a new Article 233A which validated the appointments, postings, promotions, and transfers of and judgements, delivered before the commencement of the present Act, by district judges who were appointed, posted, promoted, or transferred as a district judge in any State otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 of the Constitution.
21st Amendment ( Enforced 10th April 1967 )
This amendment simply included Sindhi as an official language and hence amended the 8th Schedule for the same.
22nd Amendment ( Enforced 25th September 1969 )
It amended article 275 while also inserting articles 244A and 371B. This amendment made provisions empowering the Parliament to constitute an autonomous State within the State of Assam while providing the state with a Legislative or a Council of ministers or both with such powers and functions as prescribed by law inter alia regarding the formation of an Autonomous state within the State of Assam.
23rd Amendment ( Enforced 23rd January 1970 )
This amendment discontinued the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland and limited to only one Anglo Indian to be nominated in either of the State Legislature. Extend reservations for SC/ST, and Anglo-Indian for another 10 years (up to 1980) in the Lok Sabha and State assemblies. It amended articles 330, 332, 333, and 334.
24th Amendment ( Enforced 5th November 1971 )
It amended articles 13 and 368. This amendment enabled the Parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the constitution. It was made compulsory for the President to approve a Constitutional Amendment Bill. The constitutional validity of this amendment was upheld in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala in 1973.
25th Amendment ( Enforced 20th April 1972 )
It amended Article 31 and inserted article 31C. This amendment restricted property rights and compensation in the cases where states take over private property. However, in the case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala in 1973, a part of article 31C, which prevented a judicial review of any law that gives effect to Directive Principles, was declared unconstitutional.
26th Amendment ( Enforced 28th December 1971 )
This is the first amendment to remove articles from the Constitution. Articles 291 and 362 were removed, article 363A was inserted and article 366 was amended. This amendment abolished the privy purse ( a payment made to the royal families) which was awarded to the former ruler’s princely states.
27th Amendment ( Enforced 30th December 1971 )
It amended articles 239A and 240 and inserted articles 239B and 371C. It was a reorganisation of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers.
28th Amendment ( Enforced 29th August 1972 )
It inserted article 312A and removed article 314. This amendment made all the civil services rules uniform across all without withstanding whether the appointment was made pre or post-independence.
29th Amendment ( Enforced 9th June 1972 )
It only amended the 9th Schedule of the Constitution. This amendment included two Kerala Acts on land reforms in the Ninth Schedule.
30th Amendment ( Enforced 27th February 1973 )
It only amended article 133 of the Constitution. This amendment changed the basis for appeals in the Supreme Court of India in cases of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial questions of law.
31st Amendment ( Enforced 17th October 1973 )
It amended articles 81, 330, and 332, which increased the seats in Lok Sabha from 525 to 545. This was done because of the increase in the population of the country. Minor adjustments consequent to the 1971 Delimitation exercise were also made.
32nd Amendment ( Enforced 1st July 1974 )
It amended article 371 and schedule 7 of the Constitution. It also inserted articles 371D and 371E. This amendment provided for the protection of regional rights in the Telangana and Andhra regions of the State of Andhra Pradesh.
33rd Amendment ( Enforced 19th May 1974 )
It amended articles 101 and 190. This amendment prescribed the procedure regarding resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures. It also prescribed the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by the Speaker of the House.
34th Amendment ( Enforced 7th September 1974 )
This amendment introduced twenty more land tenure and land reforms acts of various states in the 9th Schedule.
35th Amendment ( Enforced 1st March 1975 )
This amendment established the Terms and conditions for the incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India. It amended articles 80 and 81. Inserted article 2A as well as inserted the 10th Schedule.
36th Amendment ( Enforced 26th April 1975 )
This amendment was made in relation to the formation of Sikkim as a State (22nd State) within India. It amended articles 80 and 81, Inserted article 371F, and repealed article 2A and the 10th Schedule while also amending Schedules 1 and 4.
37thAmendment ( Enforced 5th May 1975 )
This amendment was made in regard to the formation of the legislative assembly of Arunachal Pradesh. It amended articles 239A and 240.
38th Amendment ( Enforced With Retrospective effect )
This amendment enhanced the powers of the President and the Governor to pass ordinances and amended articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359, and 360.
39th Amendment ( Enforced 10th August 1975 )
This amendment restricted the role of the Judiciary regarding the election and post of the Prime Minister or Speaker to Parliament, and the election of President and Vice-President, beyond challenge. It amended articles 71 and 329, also amended the 9th Schedule., and inserted article 329A. However, article 329A was later struck down in the case of State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain for being in violation of the basic structure doctrine.
40th Amendment ( Enforced 27th May 1976 )
It amended article 297 and the 9th Schedule. It enabled the Parliament to make laws with respect to the Exclusive Economic Zone and vest mineral wealth with the Union of India. 64 more Central and State laws, mostly concerning land reforms, were also added to the 9th Schedule.
41st Amendment ( Enforced 7th September 1976 )
It only amended article 316 and raised the retirement age limit of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62.
42nd Amendment ( Enforced 3rd January 1977, 1st February 1977, and 1st April 1977 )
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment is also known as the “Mini-Constitution'' and is the most comprehensive amendment of the Indian Constitution. This amendment made changes to the basic structure of the Constitution by making India a “Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic”. This amendment also introduced Fundamental duties while also altering the Fundamental rights of every citizen. It made the following changes:
Amended articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368, and 371F.
Inserted articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A, and 257A.
Inserted parts 4A and 14A.
Amended the 7th Schedule.
43rd Amendment ( Enforced 13th April 1978 )
This amendment repealed 6 of the articles which were introduced in the 42nd Amendment. These articles were considered to be “Anti-freedom” and hence were repealed after the revocation of the emergency by the Janata Party. It amended articles 145, 226, 228, and 366 and repealed articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A, and 228A.
44th Amendment ( Enforced 20th June 1979 and 1st August 1979 )
This amendment was aimed at restoring the Constitution to the condition it was before the internal emergency. It provided for human rights safeguards and prevention of abuse by the executive or legislative authorities was also established. Some of the amendments of the 42nd amendment were annulled. It made the following changes:
Amended articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360, and 371F.
Inserted articles 134A and 361A.
Repealed articles 31, 257A, and 329A.
Amended part 12.
Amended the 9th Schedule.
45th Amendment ( Enforced 25th January 1980 )
This amendment extended the reservation of Sc/Sts and the nomination of Anglo Indians in the Parliament and state legislatures for another 10 years (up to 1990). It amended article 334.
46th Amendment ( Enforced 2nd February 1983 )
This amendment was initiated as a countermeasure to prevent tax evasion which was resulted due to a ruling by the Supreme Court in Gannon Dunkerley’s case in which it stated that the term term “sale of goods” as used in the entries in the Seventh Schedule had the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Act. Hence, the court concluded in a series of landmark judgments that diverse transactions that resembled in content a sales transaction were not subject to sales tax. This opened the door to tax evasion through a variety of means, including interstate product transactions. To tackle this issue, amendments were made to articles 269, 286, 366, and the 7th Schedule.
47th Amendment ( Enforced 26th August 1984 )
This amendment added 14 new legislations regarding land reforms and these were added to the 9th Schedule implying that these enactments shall not be deemed to be void on the ground that they are inconsistent with any of the Fundamental Rights provided for in the Constitution.
48th Amendment ( Enforced 26th August 1984 )
It amended article 356 hence permitting the President’s rule to last for up to 2 years in the State of Punjab.
49th Amendment ( Enforced 1st April 1985 )
This amendment was made in recognition of Tripura as a tribal state and enabled the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council. Article 244 along with Schedules 5 and 6 were amended.
50th Amendment ( Enforced 11th September 1984 )
This amendment empowered the parliament to restrict the rights of members of the armed forces as well as people employed in the communication infrastructure which is established for the armed forces to ensure discipline and proper discharge of duty. It amended article 33.
51st Amendment ( Enforced 16th June 1986 )
While amending articles 330 and 332, it provided reservations to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh in the Loksabha. It also provided for the same reservation for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their Legislative Assemblies.
52nd Amendment ( Enforced 1st March 1985 )
This amendment passed the anti-defection law which provided for the disqualification of members from parliament and the assembly in case of defection from one party to another. This amendment inserted schedule 10 into the constitution and further amended articles 101, 102, 190, and 191. Parts of the 10th Schedule were however struck down for being unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the case of Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686.
53rd Amendment ( Enforced 20th February 1987 )
Special provisions were made in relation to the State of Mizoram ( 23rd State ) and article 371G was inserted for the same.
54th Amendment ( Enforced 1st April 1987 )
It increased the salary of the Chief Justice of India as well as the other judges while also making provisions regarding the increase of salary in the future without any constitutional amendments. It amended the 2nd Schedule along with articles 125 and 221.
55th Amendment ( Enforced 20th February 1986 )
This amendment granted statehood to Arunachal Pradesh making it the 24th State of India. Special powers were also given to the Governor of this new State. Article 371H was inserted in this amendment.
56th Amendment ( Enforced 30th May 1987 )
While inserting Article 371I into the constitution. This amendment allowed for the transition into a State of India (25th State ). It also formed a new Union Territory of Daman and Diu.
57th Amendment ( Enforced 21st September 1987 )
This amendment provides for the reservation of Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies. It amended Article 332.
58th Amendment ( Enforced 9th December 1987 )
This amendment provided authoritative text of the Constitution in the Hindi Language and made provisions for the translation of the Constitution as well as every amendment made to be translated into the Hindi language and gave such translation legal sanctity. It inserted article 394A and amended part 22 of the Constitution.
59th Amendment ( Enforced 30th March 1988 )
The limitation for President rule in Punjab was increased from 2 years to 3 years. This amendment also permitted the imposing of an Emergency in the State of Punjab whenever need be. Article 356 was amended and article 359A was amended.
60th Amendment ( Enforced 20th December 1988 )
This amendment increased the maximum payable profession tax from 250 rupees to 2,500 rupees. It amended article 276.
61st Amendment ( Enforced 28th March 1989 )
Amending article 326, this amendment reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years.
62nd Amendment ( Enforced 20th December 1989 )
Following the trend from amendments 8, 23, and 45. This amendment again extended the reservation of SC/STs and nomination of Anglo Indians in the Parliament and state legislatures for another 10 years (up to 2000). Article 334 was amended.
63rd Amendment ( Enforced 6th January 1990 )
The part relating to the imposing of emergency in the State of Punjab introduced in the 59th Amendment was repealed. Hence, repealing article 359A. Article 356 was also amended.
64th Amendment ( Enforced 16th April 1990 )
The maximum duration permitted for the President's rule in the State of Punjab was extended from 3 years to 3 years and 6 months. Article 356 was amended accordingly.
65th Amendment ( Enforced 12th March 1992 )
This amendment established the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It also specified the statutory powers of the commission. Article 338 was amended.
66th Amendment ( Enforced 7th June 1990 )
Various land reforms and their amendments were inserted in the 9th Schedule.
67th Amendment ( Enforced 4th October 1990 )
Article 356 was amended to extend the permitted maximum duration for the President’s rule in the State of Punjab from 3 years and 6 months to 4 years.
68th Amendment ( Enforced 12th March 1991 )
Article 356 was amended yet again to extend the permitted maximum duration for the President’s rule in the State of Punjab from 4 years to 5 years.
69th Amendment ( Enforced 1st February 1992 )
This amendment awarded the National Capital Territory of Delhi with a legislative assembly and council of ministers. It inserted Articles 239AA and 239AB.
70th Amendment ( Enforced 21st December 1991 and 1st June 1995 )
This amendment included Delhi and the Union Territory of Pondicherry into the Electoral College for presidential election. Articles 54 and 239AA were amended.
71st Amendment ( Enforced 31st August 1992 )
Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali were acknowledged as official languages and hence inserted into the 8th Schedule of the Constitution bringing the total up to 18 official languages.
72nd Amendment ( Enforced 5th December 1992 )
It amended article 332, hence providing for the reservation of Scheduled Tribes in the State Legislative Assembly of Tripura.
73rd Amendment ( Enforced 24th April 1993 )
The third level of administration, that is the Panchayati raj was established through this amendment. It inserted part 9 and Schedule 11 into the Constitution.
74th Amendment ( Enforced 1st June 1993 )
This amendment granted constitutional status as well as protection to the urban local bodies. It amended article 280 along with the insertion of Part 9A into the constitution, the 12th Schedule was also inserted in the constitution in this amendment.
75th Amendment ( Enforced 15th May 1994 )
Article 323B was amended providing for the setting up of Rent Control Tribunals.
76th Amendment ( Enforced 31st August 1994 )
It amended the 9th Schedule to exempt the law relating to the reservation limit for government employment and admission seats in educational institutions to 69% in Tamil Nadu in favour of socially and educationally deprived classes. This was done to negate the Supreme Court ruling of November 16, 1992, which stated that the reservation shall not exceed 50%.
77th Amendment ( Enforced 17th June 1995 )
Article 16 was amended to protect the existing policies in relation to the reservation in the promotion of SCs/STs.
78th Amendment ( Enforced 30th August 1995 )
Many land reform acts were inserted into the 9thSchedule.
79th Amendment ( Enforced 25th January 2000 )
Following the 8th, 23rd, 45th, and 62nd amendments, reservations for the same were again extended another 10 years ( up to 2010 ). Article 334 was amended.
80th Amendment ( Enforced 9th June 2000 )
This amendment was made in order to implement a new tax structure in accordance with the recommendation of the Tenth finance commission. It amended articles 269 and 270 and repealed article 272. It introduced the scheme of tax distribution between the Union and the States.
81st Amendment ( Enforced 9th June 2000 )
Amending article 16, this amendment introduced the policy of backlogging the reservation available to SCs/STs. With this new policy, every reserved seat which was left unfilled shall be carried on for the following year but no such carry forward shall exceed the limit of 50% of available seats for that year.
82nd Amendment ( Enforced 8th September 2000 )
Article 335 was amended permitting the relaxation of qualifying marks and any other criteria for the promotion in public services.
83rd Amendment ( Enforced 8th September 2000 )
It amended article 243M, repealing any and all reservations for SCs/STs in the Panchayat Raj in the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
84th Amendment ( Enforced 21st February 2002 )
Articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330, and 332 were amended extending the usage of the 1971 census for the calculation of seats in the Lok Sabha. With this amendment, the 1971 census is to be used till 2026. Which in effect extends its usage till 2031.
85th Amendment ( Enforced 17th June 1995 )
This amendment provided for the consequential seniority in the case of promotion by the virtue of the rule of reservation for the government servants belonging to the SCs/STs. This amendment has retrospective effect from June 1995. Article 16 was amended.
86th Amendment ( Enforced 1st April 2010 )
It provided for the Right to free and compulsory education as well as early childhood care for children between the age of 6 to 14 years. Article 21A was inserted and articles 45 and 51A were amended in this amendment.
87th Amendment ( Enforced 22nd June 2003 )
Negating the 84th Amendment, the 87th Amendment provided for the usage of the 2001 census for state-wise distribution of parliamentary seats. Articles 81, 82, 170, and 330 were amended.
88th Amendment ( Enforced 15th January 2004 )
Provisions relating to the levying of tax by the Government of India were made. Article 270 was amended and article 268A was added. The 7th Schedule was also amended.
89th Amendment ( Enforced 19th February 2004 )
The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes established by the 65th Amendment was now bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. Article 338 was amended and article 338A was also inserted.
90th Amendment ( Enforced 28th September 2003)
It provides for the reservation of seats for SCs/STs in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Article 332 was amended.
91st Amendment ( Enforced 1st January 2004)
This amendment not only strengthened the anti-defection laws introduced in the 52nd Amendment but also restricted the size of the council of ministers to a mere 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha and the same limit was established for the Legislative assembly of States. Articles 75 and 164 were amended, while article 361B was inserted into the constitution. The 10th Schedule was also amended.
92nd Amendment ( Enforced 7th January 2004)
Bodo, Dogri, Santali, and Maithili were added to the 8th Schedule as official languages, increasing the total of official languages in India to a total of 22 languages.
93rd Amendment ( Enforced 20th January 2006)
This enabled the reservation of 27% seats for OBCs in government as well as private educational institutions. Article 15 was amended.
94th Amendment ( Enforced 12th June 2006 )
It provided for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in the newly created States of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. Article 164 was amended.
95th Amendment ( Enforced 25th January 2010 )
It extended the reservation of seats for SCs/STs as well as Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from 60 years to 70 years. It amended article 334.
96th Amendment ( Enforced 23rd September 2011 )
In the 8th Schedule, it substituted “Odia" for "Oriya".
97th Amendment ( Enforced 15th February 2012 )
The words “or cooperative societies” were added after “or unions” in article 19. Article 43B was inserted relating to the promotion of co-operative societies. Part-IXB was also added for the same regards titled “The Co-operative Societies”.
98th Amendment ( Enforced 1st October 2013 )
Article 371J was inserted empowering the Governor of Karnataka to take steps towards the development of the Hyderabad-Karnataka region.
99th Amendment ( Enforced 13th April 2015 )
It amended articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A, and 231 and inserted articles 124A, 124B, and 124C for the formation of a National Judicial Appointments Commission. This amendment however was struck down by the Supreme Court on 16th October 2015.
100th Amendment ( Enforced 31st July 2015 )
Exchange of other enclave lands took place with Bangladesh. Conferring citizenship rights to enclave residents arising from the signing of the Treaty of Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) between India and Bangladesh was also established through this amendment. The 1st Schedule was amended.
101st Amendment ( Enforced 16th September 2016 )
Introduced the Goods and Service Tax ( GST ). It made various changes to the constitution.
Articles 246A, 269A, and 279A were inserted.
Article 268A was repealed
Articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, and 368 were amended along with the 6th and 7th Schedule.
102nd Amendment ( Enforced 15th August 2018)
It gave constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes. Articles 338B, 342A, and 26C were inserted while articles 338 and 366 were amended.
103rd Amendment ( Enforced 14th January 2019 )
10% of seats in government employment, as well as private institutions, were introduced for the Economically Weaker Sections. Articles 15 and 16 were amended accordingly.
104th Amendment ( Enforced 25th January 2020 )
The reservation for SCs/STs in the Lok Sabha and Legislative assemblies was extended from 70 years to 80 years. It also removed the reserved seats of the Anglo-Indians from the Parliament. Article 334 was amended.
105th Amendment ( Enforced 15th August 2021 )
This amendment restored the power of the state governments to identify Other Backward
Classes (OBCs) that are socially and economically backward. This restoration was due to the Supreme Court judgement of 11 May 2021 which had restricted this power only to the Central Government. Articles 338B, 342A, and 366 were amended.
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